Unscientific luminous creations

Q: Which form of phosphorus both glows and is non toxic?

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Keith S. Taber

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I have just sent of an email to a company claiming to be selling glow-in-the-dark products containing non-toxic phosphorus…

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Dear Pete's Luminous Creations

I am writing to raise concern about misleading information on your website, specifically some of the claims made on the page:

• https://www.darkniteglow.com/phosphorus-glow-in-the-dark-vs-radium-glow-in-the-dark/

(accessed today, 18th March 2023).

This page contains a number of scientifically incorrect statements, but I am most concerned about your misleading characterisation of phosphorus as a 'safe' material.

Scientific errors

Your site claims that

• "phosphorus…has the ability to absorb and store surrounding light"
• "the ability to absorb and store surrounding light…works similar to the natural process of photosynthesis"
• "Phosphorus glow absorbs and stores surrounding light. When it is dark, the stored light is slowly released in the form of a glow"
• "Glow in the Dark products contain phosphorus…it needs to be exposed to light before it can work"
• "Radium glow produces light on its own through a chemical process."

All of these claims are mistaken.

1. Luminescent materials do not store light. Light cannot be stored, it is a form of electromagnetic radiation. (In LASERS light is contained within a cavity by reflecting it back and forth by mirrors, but phosphorus is not able to do anything like this.) When the radiation is absorbed by a photoluminescent material the radiation ceases to exist. Because the molecules of the absorbing material are excited into a higher energy state, new electromagnetic radiation (light) may later be emitted – but it is not light that has been stored. (The energy transferred to the luminescent material by the radiation may be considered as stored: but not the light).

2. The process of photosynthesis does not involve "the ability to absorb and store surrounding light" – absorb, yes, but the light is not stored – it ceases to exist once absorbed.

3. Materials which absorb energy from radiation, and then release it slowly ('glow') are called phosphorescent. This does not (only) occur 'when it is dark', but from immediately after irradiation. (The process occurs regardless of whether it is dark enough to observe.)

4. Phosphorus is not itself a phosphorescent material. The glow seen around white phosphorus is due to a chemical reaction with oxygen in the air. Not only does this not store any light, but, also, it does not need light to initiate.

5. Radium does NOT produce light through a chemical process. Radium is radioactive. It undergoes radioactive decay (due to a change in the atomic nucleus). This is NOT considered a chemical process.

Now I turn to what I consider a more serous problem with your site.

Potentially dangerous misinformation

The more serious matter concerns your claim that to be selling products containing 'non toxic' phosphorus:

• "Glow in the Dark products contain phosphorus (a non toxic substance) which has the ability to absorb and store surrounding light…"
• "Phosphorus is non toxic and safe for general use."
• "Phosphorus is a natural mineral found in the human body. Phosphorus Glow in the dark products is perfectly safe for everyday use"
• "Many get confused and associate all green glow products to be radioactive. This is not true. Phosphorus glow is non toxic and non radioactive."

You may wonder why I think this matters enough to contact you.

It is very misleading to suggest to people reading the site (which could include children who might well be interested in glow-in-the-dark toys) that phosphorus is harmless, and this is completely wrong.

Phosphorus is not found as a natural mineral, as it is much too reactive to be found native (that is, as phosphorus) on earth – although many minerals are compounds of phosphorus (and thus do NOT share its chemical properties), and so sources of the element for use in agriculture etc. The human body does contain compounds of phosphorus, notably in the bones, but again there is no phosphorus (the substance phosphorus) in the human body – if you introduced some it would very quickly react. Sources of phosphorus are important in the diet, but it would be very unwise to try to eat phosphorus itself.

Phosphorus can be obtained in different forms (this is called allotropy where the same element can have different molecular structures – like graphite and diamond both being pure forms – allotropes -of carbon). Some allotropes of phosphorus are not especially dangerous. However, the form which glows is white (or yellow) phosphorus, and this is a very hazardous material.

So, handling phosphorus is dangerous and needs special precautions. (If you really did use phosphorus in your products, I imagine you would know that?) Here is some information from authoritative websites

"Ingestion of elemental white or yellow phosphorus typically causes severe vomiting and diarrhea [diarrhoea], which are both described as "smoking," "luminescent," and having a garlic-like odor. Other signs and symptoms of severe poisoning might include dysrhythmias, coma, hypotension, and death. Contact with skin might cause severe burns within minutes to hours…"

US Centres for Disease Control

"White phosphorus is extremely toxic to humans, while other forms of phosphorus are much less toxic. Acute (short-term) oral exposure to high levels of white phosphorus in humans is characterised by three stages: the first stage consists of gastrointestinal effects; the second stage is symptom-free and lasts about two days; the third stage consists of a rapid decline in condition with gastrointestinal effects, plus severe effects on the kidneys, liver, cardiovascular system, and central nervous system (CNS). Inhalation exposure has resulted in respiratory tract irritation and coughing in humans. Chronic (long-term) exposure to white phosphorus in humans results in necrosis of the jaw, termed "phossy jaw."

US Environmental Protection Agency

Please feel free to check on this information for yourself.

However, I recommend you change the information on your website. In particular, please stop suggesting that phosphorus is a safe, non-toxic material, when the form of phosphorus which glows is highly toxic. I trust that now this has been brought to your attention, you will appreciate that it would be highly irresponsible for you to continue to advertise your products using misleading information about a hazardous substance.

Best wishes

Keith