natural theology

A tradition where the natural world is studied (at least in part) as a kind of religious observance. Sometimes it was suggested that God had provided two books to be read, the word revealed in scripture and his works to be read in nature.

constructionism

a pedagogical approach where learning is organised through groups working on the 'construction' of some product (which could be a website or a video, a model, a theory, etc.) – often seen as a variant of constructivism

theory-ladenness of observation

A nïave view is that we see (or hear or feel…) what is out there in the world, but much research shows that what we perceive is an interpretation of sensory information (as is seen in optical illusions). In science, as in other contexts, observation is biased by the frame of reference being used to think about the observation – the assumptions that are taken-for-granted by the observer. Such bias may distort interpretations of data. An observer who thinks that a pendulum swings through an arc at a constant rate will likely 'see' just that.  Observation is said to be 'theory-laden'.

rhetoric of conclusions

It has been argued that there is a tendency for science text books to present canonical scientific ideas as clearly following for the available evidence including critical/crucil tests, and so being evicently superior to the ideas they replaced or competed with. This usually simplifies the process of scientific progress and ignores how the evidence available may have appeared from within the contemporary context. The 'rhetoric of conclusions' then is a kind scientific 'whig history' – a history of science written from the persepctive of the 'winners'.

the nature of science

the term the nature of science (sometimes, NOS) refers to features that are considered to be common across the natural sciences related to fundamental commitments (metaphysical commitments, such as the existence of an objective world), and methodological principles, and community practices (for example, relating to the reporting of work). There is much scholarly debate about NOS, but there are widely agreed to be certain commonalities at a general level suitable for representing in science education

Read about Teaching the nature of science