lodestone

a naturally occurring magnet – a piece of magnetite which will attract small pieces of iron and attract/repel other lodestones.

phrenology

the theory and practice of diagnosing human characteristics from the cranium (bumps on the head) – at one time widely considered a serious science

Read about phrenology

phase space

A phase space is a hypothetical or theoretical space that can represent all possible states of the system being studied. This might require more than just three dimensions. (In physics the state of a simple particle might be represented by three dimensions to represent its position, plus three to represent its  momentum – and  if it is rotating that will require additional dimensions for a full description.)

Although most commonly used in physics, the idea has wider applications. A learner's zone of proximal development (Z.P.D.) might be considered to be a region of a phase space describing the actual and potential development of that learner.

 

learning demand

The learning demand refers to the difference between the target knowledge and understanding set out in a curriculum  for a specific group of learners, and their current level of knowledge and understanding. (The term was introduced by John Leach and Phil Scott.)

 

theory of mind

theory of mind is the ability, normally acquired as part of normal development in childhood, to appreciate that other people have mental states (e.g., beliefs, opinions, judgements) and that these may be different from our own; we use theory of mind to understand people's feelings, and to anticipate their responses and behaviours.